Lanigan,
R. (2007). Communicology: The French Tradition in Human Science. In P. Arneson
(Ed). Perspectives on Philosophy of Communication. West Layfayette: Purdue
University Press.
The problematic
of identity.
Concept of
identity:
-
Ancient
idea in Eastern and Western philosophy.
-
Post modernity turns Aristotelian
philosophy on its head.
The author will reverse the laws to see if there is a
contradiction.
-
The Law of Non-Contradiction:
o
A thing cannot be and not be at the
same time.
o
A statement cannot be true and
false.
-
The law of Excluded Middle.
o
A thing must be or not be.
o
A statement must be true or false.
-
The law of Contradiction.
o
One thing is not another thing.
o
A statement is different than other
statements.
-
The Law of Identity.
o
One thing is only one thing.
o
A statement is a statement
Classical laws of thought move from steps 1 to 4.
-
American thought follows the laws.
-
Eastern Philosophy is reversed.
Principle of Requisite Diversity.
-
Its not the fittest individual that
survives, but the fittest ecosystem.
Post modern logic propositions in order of dialectic
constitution.
1.
Phenomenological Law of
Non-Contradiction.
a.
A thing at once can be and not be.
b.
A statement can be true and false at
the same time.
2.
Phenomenological Law of Excluded
Middle.
a.
A thing must and must not be.
b.
A statement must be true and false.
i. A
symbol of a sign: Dog realizes the idea of dog without directly identifying
int.
3.
Phenomenological Law of
Contradiction.
a.
One thing is another thing.
b.
A statement is both the same as, and
different from, other statements.
4.
Phenomenological Law of Identity.
a.
One thing is always another thing.
b.
A statement is another statement.
Merleau-Ponty: The concept of identity is an understanding
rather than a cause. A rejection of an Aristotelian cause.
Post modern take the French view. That the ontology of self and other as both
same and different.
-
Expression and perception in the
consciousness of experience.
-
The source of logical abstraction
and phenomenological description in the experience of consciousness.
-
Together: Contribution of
phenomenology and semiotics.
Jakobson – Brings semiotics and phenomenology together as a
theory.
Roman Jakobson’s theory of Human Communication
-
All contemporary discussion derives
from his work.
More of a model than a theory:
-
Addresser is human:
o
Origin of communication.
o
Expressive of emotion.
§
Not mechanical sender.
-
Addresser gives (data) a message
that constitutes a code
o
And selects a context for contact.
-
Addresser is the interpretive
constitution of conation.
-
Adressee – Reverse phenomenological
intentionality of the addresser.
Communication is a choice of context
-
Signs are not arbitrary, but have a
relative motivation to each other.
Speaker – Addresser
Spoken to – Addressee
Spoken of – Context
Context is the aspect of communication.
Signs own constitution reflects the relational structure of
a thing represented.
Contact is thephysical and psychological connection between
addresser and addressee.
Emblem
-
A word that
o
Stands in place of a gesture.
o
Or a gesture that replaces a verbal word.
Emblem is a sign with culturally known interpreting that
moves form
-
Physical contact (signification)
-
Mutual psychic sharing (meaning).
Jakobson – Messages unique.
-
Linguistic utterance.
-
Language as an individual private
property
-
Individualization – moving from
person to person or person to group.
Message Interpretation consists of
-
diachronic – then and there
historical sequences.
-
Of verbal and non-verbal usage.
Egocentric cultures, the west, stresses
-
messages over codes.
-
Individuals over groups.
Social language – consists of
-
linguistic norms.
-
Language as supra individual
-
Unifying aspect of language.
Sociocentric cultures emphasize
-
code over message
-
group over individual
Merleau-Ponty’s thematic or embodied identity: Ambiguity.
Two levels of discourse
-
Existential discourse
o
Expresses speaking as original
o
Speaking speech
-
Empirical discourse
o
Expresses what has already ben said.
o
Speech Spokane
Ponty emphasizes a three step process
-
Description – Importance of
semiotics in describing the phenomena.
-
Reduction – The importance of
structural analysis in defining (reducing) the phenomena.
-
Interpretation – Hermeneutic
principles in interpreting the phenomena.
Derived from his reversible, reflective, and reflexive.
-
Between perception and expression.
Focault: Thematic of embodied identity.
Alterity:
Otherness from consciousness.
The social essence of embodied identity constitutes alterity.
Edmund Husserl – Used to begin his three steps in parallel
with Ponty:
-
Description
-
Reduction
-
Interpretation
Ponty and Focault use a systematic application of semiotic
phenomenology to existential perception and social expression.
Consciousness’s of both consciousness and experience in
discourse are seen as reversible, reflexive and reflective in judgment.
Ponty looks at personal perception in public expression.
Foucault looks at public expression as personal perception.
Ponty is existential
Foucault is social.
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